Blood samples with unclear or positive results for HIV should be disposed of safely, for example, by incineration. Deciding whether to give blood In Namibia , the blood transfusion service found that potential donors had difficulty filling in a self-exclusion questionnaire on their own. How a trained nurse goes through it with each person and answers and questions. The questionnaire lists activities which exclude the person from giving blood.
These include ear and skin piercing, tattoos or traditional skin incisions, any past sexually transmitted infection STI or common HIV-related symptoms such as night sweats, swollen glands or persistent diarrhoea. In Honduras , the Red Cross Blood Programme provides pre-test counselling for voluntary blood donors. Each potential donor is asked to read a leaflet that explains HIV and the importance of not donating if the person has engaged in activities that may have a high risk of infection.
A nurse encourages questions and checks that the information has been understood. The nurse then asks specific questions about sexual behaviour, such as unprotected sex and history of STIs. A year later, after the introduction of pre-test counselling, the HIV prevalence among blood donors had halved, even though the overall prevalence of HIV among Hondurans increased during this period. Fears about giving blood I'm worried that my test results for HIV or syphilis will be made public.
Good systems of confidentiality need to be developed and clearly explained to donors. I'm scared of being infected with HIV while giving blood. There is no risk of infection because a new needle and syringe are used for each person.
I'm worried that giving blood causes physical weakness or infertility. Many donors have given blood over 50 times, up to four times a year, without any harm to their health. I can't give blood because I think I'm anaemic. Before taking blood, a simple test is performed on a drop of blood taken from a finger prick to find out if the person is anaemic. I hate needles. A local anaesthetic is applied to the skin to make sure that giving blood is not painful, and the donor does not have to watch the procedure.
It's too inconvenient and I'm too busy. Giving blood can mean life itself for a patient, and even the busiest people find time to donate. A safe blood supply relies on encouraging potential donors to give blood voluntarily.
HIV testing: a practical approach 19 Page 20 Information for blood donors Your name will not be used at the blood bank. Instead we use your mother's unmarried name, your birthplace and date of birth. You will be given a code number which is used on all your records and blood samples.
You will be asked some questions about your health to make sure that giving blood will not harm you. You will be asked questions about your private life to ensure that our test results are accurate. A sample of your blood will be taken by finger pricking, and tested to make sure you have enough blood to spare for a donation.
If so, we will draw your blood. Afterwards we will ask you to rest for a few minutes and to take some refreshment to replace the fluids you have lost and some iron pills to help your body to replace the donated blood quickly.
The blood you have donated will be tested for HIV and hepatitis viruses. The results of these tests will be given to you and no one else in two weeks. Please do not give blood if: in the last six months you have had sex with someone other than your regular partner in the last year you have had: an injection, except at a hospital or clinic; skin scarring or cutting by a traditional healer; a surgical operation you have ever had hepatitis you are pregnant, or have had malaria or a sexually transmitted disease.
Please do give blood: if you have given blood before and it has been found to be safe when three months have passed since your last donation. The Uganda Blood Transfusion Service provides potential donors with a leaflet clearly explaining the procedure for donating blood. Confidentiality In , Zimbabwe's blood service reviewed its notification systems after some donors expressed anxieties about confidentiality. In the past, people were referred to their doctors.
Now, donors with positive test results for HIV, syphilis or hepatitis are told by mail that they have an unspecified infection, and are offered counselling and follow-up support with an organisation or doctor of their choice. One problem with this system is that not all those referred go for counselling. Grebe used mathematical modelling to estimate the residual risk of HIV transmission from a blood transfusion, taking into account donations made following very recent HIV infection which are not picked up by RNA tests.
He estimated the residual risk as 1 in 3 million transfusions of packed red blood cells, or 1 in 1. These figures from after the policy change were not statistically different from those before it.
Grebe E et al. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, abstract , March View the abstract on the conference website.
Watch the webcast on the conference website. Exposure to HIV through medical procedures. Primary tabs View active tab Preview. Roger Pebody. In , the waiting period was reduced to one year; and, in , Health Canada approved our application to further reduce the waiting period to three months for men since their last sexual contact with a male partner.
Alternative donor screening methods are being explored as part of ongoing MSM research projects with funding from Health Canada. Today, through a multi-tiered approach to safety that includes donor education, strict adherence to the donor screening criteria and the testing of all donated blood, Canadian Blood Services ensures that Canadian patients are not put at increased risk for infectious diseases that may be transmitted by blood transfusion, including HIV.
While our state-of-the-art technology is sophisticated, there is a brief period shortly after infection when HIV is not detectable in a donor. During the blood donation process, about ml is collected for transfusion and a small amount of blood is kept for testing at one of our two testing sites. In the testing laboratory, NAT testing begins with six blood samples being 'pooled' together. If the result of a pool of samples is negative, all samples in the pool are negative.
If the pool is positive, then the samples are tested individually until the actual positive sample is identified.
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