Lactobacillus falls under the phylum Firmicutes , which are characterized by their Gram-positive cell walls and are the only bacteria to contain PanK-II enzymes, which is the first enzyme in the Coenzyme A CoA pathway. They are non-spore forming and rod shaped, and use transport functions as a means of survival, as they have difficult synthesizing amino acids and other cellular building blocks.
Both genus are found in the gut and vaginal systems of mammals. Lactobacilli have been used to make dairy products like cheese and yogurt, as they have a high tolerance for low pH conditions, a feature that allows for them to travel through GI tract and survive the abrupt pH changes in the intestinal system.
A review of the Lactobacillus genus from Diane M. Lactobacillus acidophilus is considered to have probiotic characteristics. It is used commercially in many dairy products. Ltd Japan complements the growth of L. It is involved in the production and ripening of cheddar cheese and is the dominant species in naturally fermented Sicilian green olives. Lactobacillus brevis , L. Lactobacillus bulgaricus is used for the production of yogurt. It is also found in other naturally fermented products and is used to preserve milk.
It produces bacteriocins, which can be bactericidal in vitro. You might experience side effects from taking probiotics. For most people, these side effects are minor. Always seek advice from your doctor before trying a new supplement. Bifidus is a strain of probiotic that can help boost your gut health. Learn what this helpful bacterium does, how it can help you lose weight, and…. Probiotics can be found in infant formula and liquid droplets, but more research is necessary to determine if probiotics are safe and effective for….
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It's a rich source of chromium and a source of B vitamins. Bio-Kult is a multispecies, multistrain probiotic that may support overall gut health. This reduction would be generally accepted as a negative impact of the probiotic on gut health. However, in our case it can also be a natural consequence of a reduced amount of fermentable substrates arriving in the colon. The abrupt increase observed for acetic acid in the ileum of these animals could suggest a more active microbial population at the end of the small intestine that could have reduced the amount of substrates susceptible to be fermented in the colon.
Differentially to humans, the fermentative activity at the end of the small intestine in pigs is quite important. Interesting results were also observed for ileal histomorphometry on Day 8 PI. Whereas the probiotic treatment maintained villous height of challenged animals to similar levels as of non-challenged, numerical reductions in the NP group were observed.
Moreover, in the non-challenged animals the probiotic also promoted an increase in crypt depths up to similar values of the challenged animals. Subsequently, changes were reflected accordingly in the villous:crypt ratio. These results could again be related to a higher colonization of the ileum by the probiotic bacteria and to the presence of a greater ileal fermentative activity in these animals.
In consonance, Kleessen et al. It is also important to keep the great capacity to adhere to enterocytes reported for bifidobacteria in mind Servin, ; Collado et al.
Collado et al. We suspect that the presence of highly adhesive bifidobacteria could have contributed to the exclusion of intestinal pathogens Collado et al. However, the adhesion of these bifidobacteria in the non-challenged animals, and the increased fermentative activity observed in the ileum, could have somehow compromised villous enterocytes in the NP group. To our knowledge, it is the first time that such a reduction on villous height has been described due to a bifidobacterial probiotic.
Still, similar results were also found for this probiotic combination by our group in other non-published studies, proving that these effects are quite consistent.
Interestingly, IEL mean values were decreased between Days 4 and 8 PI only in the animals not receiving the probiotic, despite their being challenged or not with Salmonella. Possibly the increased values observed on Day 4 were due to opportunistic pathogens taking advantage of a transient dysbiosis related to weaning.
On Day 8, only the animals receiving the bifidobacteria maintained those response levels, suggesting the ability of the probiotic strains to stimulate the immune system of the animal. Bifidobacteria are considered to be minor colonizers of swine gut post-weaning Konstantinov et al. Colonic concentrations of Bifidobacterium spp. In our study, total Bifidobacterium spp. Low detection levels in the challenge animals could respond to the gut dysbiosis produced by the Salmonella challenge that had precluded the probiotic to fully colonize the gut.
Furthermore, it should be considered that at the moment the samples were taken, the animals had not received the probiotic in the previous 24 h. Therefore, considering that transit time is accelerated in intestinal disorders, unless the probiotic strains had colonized the gut, it would have been very improbable to detect it in the colonic samples.
The lack of response of the qPCR numbers for Bifidobacterium spp. For this reason, although we cannot demonstrate the colonization of the gut by the probiotic strains, it cannot be discarded either.
Even in the eventual case of the strains not colonizing the gut, another possible explanation for the effects observed with the probiotic could be that effects were mediated by metabolic products or other bioactive compounds and not by the bacteria cells themselves. In this regard Bifidobacterium infantis immunomodulation seems to be at least partially regulated by bioactive peptides which can retain their biological activity even without the strain being present Ewaschuk et al.
In this line, a recent publication demonstrates that one of the strains included in this combination, B. As it could be seen, the probiotic combination evaluated in this study has demonstrated a clear positive effect, not only ameliorating the Salmonella challenge outcome but also improving weaning response. These results are better than previous ones obtained by our group for the B. In that study, the use of the B.
Other authors have also described the benefits of using a combination of different strains Perdigon et al. However, unfortunately, in vivo studies comparing the effect of single strains with the strain combination are still rare Chapman et al. In our study, the reported results suggest that the evaluated combination of bifidobacterial strains showed a better outcome that results previously reported for the single strain B.
However, our experimental design does not allow us to identify if the reason for this improvement is due complementary effects of the strains, as both strains were not tested individually in this study. The probiotic combination of B. Improvements registered in challenged animals were a reduction of the fecal excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium, a decrease in rectal temperature to similar levels to that in non-challenged animals and improvements in the villous:crypt ratio. In addition, general probiotic benefits were observed in both challenged and non-challenged groups, showing an increase in voluntary feed-intake, a decrease of diarrhea scores, healthier fermentation profiles and a stimulation of the intestinal immune system by increasing IEL.
EB-V participated in the experimental design, was responsible for the animal trial, laboratory analysis, data analysis, and writing. LC participated in the experimental design, animal trials, data analysis and writing. VR participated in animal trials, data analysis, and writing. GC-O and JM participated in the experimental design, contributed to data analysis, and writing. SM-O participated in the experimental design, animal trials, laboratory analysis, data analysis, and writing.
This work was partially funded by Laboratorios Ordesa. The others authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. We would like to thank Mr.
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The writing group for this article acknowledges the contributions of all other members of the Geman Neonatal Network. We are grateful to the infants, parents and health care providers who supported our study. The sponsor had no role in the study design, performance of the study and the preparation of manuscript.
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Download PDF. Subjects Outcomes research Paediatric research. Full size table. Table 2 Effect of probiotics on growth during primary stay in hospital. Figure 1. Full size image. Table 4 Antenatal antibiotics and effect of probiotics.
Table 5 Postnatal antibiotics and effect probiotics. Figure 2. Table 6 Effect of probiotics on growth during primary stay in hospital. Figure 3. Table 8 Effect of probiotics on growth parameters at 5 years of age.
Follow-up analysis month-follow-up For the month-follow-up, parents of surviving infants enrolled in GNN received a voluntary questionnaire according to the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents KiGGS from Robert Koch Institute, Germany including data on sociodemographic characteristics, vaccine preventable diseases, and illnesses such as infections and atopic disease; www. References 1. Article PubMed Google Scholar 3.
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